School of Sport and Recreation
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The School of Sport and Recreation has groups of academic researchers who conduct research in sport and activity-related areas. Research areas are:
- Co-operative education
- Outdoor education
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Browsing School of Sport and Recreation by Subject "11 Medical and Health Sciences"
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- ItemConsensus on a Netball Video Analysis Framework of Descriptors and Definitions by the Netball Video Analysis Consensus Group(BMJ, 2023-02-08) Mackay, L; Jones, B; Janse Van Rensburg, DC; Hall, F; Alexander, L; Atkinson, K; Baldrey, P; Bedford, A; Cormack, S; Clarke, J; Croft, H; Denton, K; Fox, AS; Hadley, P; Handyside, R; Hendricks, S; Kerss, J; Leota, L; Maddern, B; McErlain-Naylor, SA; Mooney, M; Pyke, D; Pistorius, D; Ramagole, DA; Ryan, D; Scott, F; Scott, T; Snow, J; Spencer, K; Thirlby, J; Viljoen, CT; Whitehead, SUsing an expert consensus-based approach, a netball video analysis consensus (NVAC) group of researchers and practitioners was formed to develop a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions of physical, technical and contextual aspects for netball research. The framework aims to improve the consistency of language used within netball investigations. It also aims to guide injury mechanism reporting and identification of injury risk factors. The development of the framework involved a systematic review of the literature and a Delphi process. In conjunction with commercially used descriptors and definitions, 19 studies were used to create the initial framework of key descriptors and definitions in netball. In a two round Delphi method consensus, each expert rated their level of agreement with each of the descriptors and associated definition on a 5-point Likert scale (1 - strongly disagree; 2 - somewhat disagree; 3 - neither agree nor disagree; 4 - somewhat agree; 5 - strongly agree). The median (IQR) rating of agreement was 5.0 (0.0), 5.0 (0.0) and 5.0 (0.0) for physical, technical and contextual aspects, respectively. The NVAC group recommends usage of the framework when conducting video analysis research in netball. The use of descriptors and definitions will be determined by the nature of the work and can be combined to incorporate further movements and actions used in netball. The framework can be linked with additional data, such as injury surveillance and microtechnology data.
- ItemFueling for and Recovering from Resistance Training: The Peri-Workout Nutrition Practices of Competitive Powerlifters(Elsevier BV, 2024-02-07) King, Andrew; Kwan, Kedric; Jukic, Ivan; Zinn, Caryn; Helms, EricPurpose: Nutrient timing is a concept that emphasizes the intentional ingestion of whole or fortified foods, and dietary supplements, to adequately fuel for, and recover from, acute and chronic exercise. The nutrition strategies used by powerlifters around training sessions have not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study explored the self-reported periworkout (before, during, and after) nutrition practices of competitive powerlifters, including what, why, and information source that informed practice, with comparison to current sport nutrition guidelines. Methods: Actively competing male (n = 240) and female (n = 65) powerlifters completed a cross-sectional online survey of self-reported periworkout nutrition practices in the pre-, intra-, and postexercise periods, fasted training, and supplementation. Data are presented as the number (n) and percentage (%) of all powerlifters practicing a given strategy followed by a % of responses reporting various practices or beliefs within this strategy. Categorical subgroups (sex, age, and weight class; and competitive caliber) were analyzed with a chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and denoted where significant (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Most powerlifters reported paying specific attention to nutrition practices in the pre-exercise period (n = 261; 85.6%) by ingesting more carbohydrate (CHO) rich foods (n = 234; 89.6%) for the purpose of assisting in training performance (n = 222; 85.1%). Most powerlifters reported intraexercise nutrition strategies (n = 211; 69.2%), of which most included ingesting more CHO rich foods (n = 159; 74.5%) for the purpose of feeling less hungry and/or boosting energy levels during training (n = 129; 61.1%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to postexercise nutrition (n = 244; 80%), by ingesting more protein rich foods (n = 182; 74.6%) for the purpose of recovering better for the whole day (n = 152; 62.3%) and enhancing the benefits of training (n = 149; 61.1%). Most powerlifters did not complete training sessions in the fasted state (n = 262; 85.9%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to supplementation before training (n = 237; 77.7%), of which preworkout formulas (n = 137; 57.8%), energy drinks (n = 101; 42.6%), creatine (n = 88; 37.1%), and caffeine pills (n = 70; 29.5%) were most reported. Supplementation was used to assist in training performance (n = 197; 83.1%) and increase wakefulness/alertness (n = 183; 77.2%). Males reported more often than females that they informed multiple elements of their nutrition practices with the information they read or watched somewhere (P = 0.002–0.012). Conclusion: The periworkout nutrition practices used by competitive powerlifters followed current sport nutrition guidelines, by using CHO sources to fuel for training and ensuring the provision of protein postexercise. Competitive powerlifters may wish to exert caution with supplementation, as there is a risk of harm or inadvertent doping.
- ItemImpacts of Digital Technologies on Child and Adolescent Health: Recommendations for Safer Screen Use in Educational Settings(Pasifika Medical Association Group, 2024-07-05) Cullen, J; Muntz, A; Marsh, S; Simmonds, L; Mayes, J; O’neill, K; Duncan, SThe use of screen-based digital technologies (such as computers and digital devices) is increasing for children and adolescents, worldwide. Digital technologies offer benefits, including educational opportunities, social connection and access to health information. Digital fluency has been recognised as an essential skill for future prosperity. However, along with these opportunities, digital technologies also present a risk of harm to young people. This issue may be particularly important for young New Zealanders, who have among the highest rates of screen use in the world. Our recently published review examined the impacts of digital technologies on the health and wellbeing of children and adolescents. Key findings revealed some positive impacts from moderate use of digital technologies; however, frequent and extended use of screen-based digital tools were associated with negative impacts on child and adolescent health in some areas, such as eye health, noise-induced hearing loss and pain syndromes. Conversely, in areas such as mental health, wellbeing and cognition, quality of screen media content and additional factors such as age may be more important than duration of use. These challenges gave us the impetus to develop pragmatic recommendations for the use of digital technologies in schools, kura kaupapa and early childhood education. Recommendations include interventions to lower risk across different ages and stages of development. Supporting young people to mitigate risk and develop safer screen behaviours will allow them to gain essential digital skills and access opportunities that will enable them to thrive.
- ItemIs Bodybuilding a Sport?(Informa UK Limited, 2023-07-23) Kind, Adrian; Helms, Eric RSince its beginnings, modern bodybuilding has been accompanied by the background issue of whether it should be considered a sport. The problem, culminating in its provisional acceptance as a sport by the International Olympic Committee, was later retracted. The uncertainty of whether bodybuilding is a sport or not seems to linger. Addressing this issue, Aranyosi (2018) provided an account to determine the status of bodybuilding as a sport that arrives at the negative answer: bodybuilding is not a sport but rather a form of artistic presentation. In this paper, we disagree with Aranyosi. We argue that by the standards he presents in his first argument, bodybuilding should be considered a sport. Further, we argue that his alternative approach on how to evaluate a discipline as more sport- or art-like on a spectrum, is not a valid basis to make such a judgment regarding bodybuilding. Further, even if his spectrum was modified to enable such a judgment, again it would result in bodybuilding being evaluated as a sport. Therefore, we conclude that everyone who accepts Aranyosi´s (or any less restrictive) requirements to decide whether bodybuilding is a sport, has to consider bodybuilding as a sport or refrain from making claims about its status.
- ItemThe Effect of a Bodybuilding Carbohydrate-Loading Protocol on Anthropometry: Preliminary Findings from a Randomised Crossover Trial(Elsevier BV, 2024-07-09) Homer, Kai A; Jukic, Ivan; Cross, Matt R; Helms, Eric RTo acutely enhance muscle size and definition, carbohydrate (CHO)-loading protocols are commonly implemented by bodybuilders in the week before competition. This study sought to evaluate the effects of a bodybuilding CHO-loading protocol on anthropometry. Four dieting males engaging in resistance training (RT) with very low body fat participated in this randomised crossover trial. Each experimental period consisted of data collection on days one, four, and five corresponding to baseline, post-depletion, and post-loading phases, respectively. During depletion, a standardised RT regimen and diet was followed. This diet was maintained on day 4 with the addition of placebo (PLA) or CHO drinks which contained 9g/kg BM CHO for post-loading data collection on day 5. Body mass (BM), skinfold thickness (SF), and ultrasound muscle thickness (MT) was obtained with descriptive data at both group and individual level calculated. From baseline, BM, SF, and MT mostly decreased in both conditions following depletion. All outcomes then increased from post-depletion following CHO-loading (BM: +0.8%, SF: +1.1%, MT: +2.9%) but not with PLA. Comparing to baseline, post-loading changes were greater with CHO (BM: +0.3%, SF: -2.3%, MT: +2.1%) than PLA (BM: -0.9%, SF: -0.5%, MT: -0.8%). Individual differences in response to each phase were also observed. Group level changes seemingly favour CHO-loading; however, it is difficult to judge these changes practically meaningful as they may not be large enough to exceed measurement error and daily biological fluctuations. Before implementation, coaches and competitors should consider individualising protocols through pre-competition testing and visually assessing changes in physique.
- ItemThe Effects of Regional Quadriceps Architecture on Angle-Specific Rapid Force Expression(Canadian Science Publishing, 2023-06-30) Oranchuk, Dustin J; Hopkins, William G; Cronin, John B; Storey, Adam G; Nelson, André REvaluating anatomical contributions to performance can increase understanding of muscle mechanics and guide physical preparation. While the impact of anatomy on muscular performance is well studied, the effects of regional quadriceps architecture on rapid torque or force expression are less clear. Regional (proximal, middle, distal) quadriceps (vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius) thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) of 24 males (48 limbs) were assessed via ultrasonography. Participants performed maximal isometric knee extensions at 40º, 70º, and 100º of knee flexion to evaluate rate of force development from 0-200 ms (RFD0-200). Measurements were repeated on three occasions with the greatest RFD0-200 and mean muscle architecture measures used for analysis. Linear regression models predicting angle-specific RFD0-200 from regional anatomy provided adjusted correlations (√adjR2) with bootstrapped compatibility limits. Mid-rectus femoris MT (√adjR2=0.41-0.51) and proximal-vastus lateralis FL (√adjR2=0.42-0.48) were the best single predictors of RFD0-200, and the only measures to reach precision with 99% compatibility limits. Small simple correlations were found across all regions and joint angles between RFD0-200 and vastus lateralis MT (√adjR2=0.28±0.13; mean±SD), vastus lateralis FL (√adjR2=0.33±0.10), rectus femoris MT (√adjR2=0.38±0.10), and lateral vastus intermedius MT (√adjR2=0.24±0.10). Between-correlation comparisons are reported within the article. Researchers should measure mid-region rectus femoris MT and vastus lateralis FL to efficiently and robustly evaluate potential anatomical contributions to rapid knee extension force changes, with distal and proximal measurements providing little additional value. However, correlations were generally small to moderate, suggesting that neurological factors may be critical in rapid force expression.
- ItemThe Nutrient Profile and Cost of Specialty Dietary Patterns: A Hypothetical Case Study(Cambridge University Press, 2023-11-13) Lenferna De La Motte, Kayla-Anne; Zinn, CarynOBJECTIVE: Ketogenic and Vegan diets have become increasingly popular. The rising popularity of these dietary trends has been met in kind by the food industry producing a variety of specialty ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Despite increasing popularity, the cost and nutrient profile of vegan and ketogenic diets that rely on UPF specialty products is poorly understood. We aimed to assess the cost and nutrient profile of vegan and ketogenic diets that relied primarily on UPFs and compare this to those that relied primarily on whole foods. DESIGN: We designed and calculated the cost of four one-day meal plans for a hypothetical weight-stable adult female. Two meal plans were created for the vegan-style and ketogenic-style diets respectively with one of each being predominantly whole-food based and the other constituting primarily of UPFs. Carbohydrates were limited to ≤50g, protein was set at 15-20%, and fat ≥75% for the ketogenic meal plans. Carbohydrates were set between 45-65%, protein 15-25% and fat 20-35% for the vegan meal plans. FoodWorks dietary analysis software was used to assess data against the national Australian/New Zealand nutrient reference value (NRV) value for adult females and cost was calculated using Countdown online shopping (a local New Zealand supermarket). SETTING: New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: None. RESULTS: The whole-food-based meal plans met a greater proportion of the macro and micronutrient thresholds and were less costly when compared with the specialty-based meal plans. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that well-planned, predominantly whole-food diets (regardless of dietary trend) are nutritionally superior and more cost-effective than those that rely on UPFs.
- ItemValidation of Actigraphy Sleep Metrics in Children Aged 8 to 16 Years: Considerations for Device Type, Placement and Algorithms(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-04-16) Meredith-Jones, KA; Haszard, JJ; Graham-DeMello, A; Campbell, A; Stewart, T; Galland, BC; Cox, A; Kennedy, G; Duncan, S; Taylor, RWBackground: Actigraphy is often used to measure sleep in pediatric populations, despite little confirmatory evidence of the accuracy of existing sleep/wake algorithms. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of 11 sleep algorithms in relation to overnight polysomnography in children and adolescents. Methods: One hundred thirty-seven participants aged 8–16 years wore two Actigraph wGT3X-BT (wrist, waist) and three Axivity AX3 (wrist, back, thigh) accelerometers over 24-h. Gold standard measures of sleep were obtained using polysomnography (PSG; Embletta MPRPG, ST + Proxy and TX Proxy) in the home environment, overnight. Epoch by epoch comparisons of the Sadeh (two algorithms), Cole-Kripke (three algorithms), Tudor-Locke (four algorithms), Count-Scaled (CS), and HDCZA algorithms were undertaken. Mean differences from PSG values were calculated for various sleep outcomes. Results: Overall, sensitivities were high (mean ± SD: 91.8%, ± 5.6%) and specificities moderate (63.8% ± 13.8%), with the HDCZA algorithm performing the best overall in terms of specificity (87.5% ± 1.3%) and accuracy (86.4% ± 0.9%). Sleep outcome measures were more accurately measured by devices worn at the wrist than the hip, thigh or lower back, with the exception of sleep efficiency where the reverse was true. The CS algorithm provided consistently accurate measures of sleep onset: the mean (95%CI) difference at the wrist with Axivity was 2 min (-6; -14,) and the offset was 10 min (5, -19). Several algorithms provided accurate measures of sleep quantity at the wrist, showing differences with PSG of just 1–18 min a night for sleep period time and 5–22 min for total sleep time. Accuracy was generally higher for sleep efficiency than for frequency of night wakings or wake after sleep onset. The CS algorithm was more accurate at assessing sleep period time, with narrower 95% limits of agreement compared to the HDCZA (CS:-165 to 172 min; HDCZA: -212 to 250 min). Conclusion: Although the performance of existing count-based sleep algorithms varies markedly, wrist-worn devices provide more accurate measures of most sleep measures compared to other sites. Overall, the HDZCA algorithm showed the greatest accuracy, although the most appropriate algorithm depends on the sleep measure of focus.
- ItemWeight Loss Induces Changes in Adaptive Thermogenesis in Female and Male Physique Athletes(Canadian Science Publishing, 2023-01-16) Isola, Ville; Hulmi, Juha J; Petäjä, Pirita; Helms, Eric R; Karppinen, Jari E; Ahtiainen, Juha PPhysique athletes lose substantial weight preparing for competitions, potentially altering systemic metabolism. We investigated sex differences in body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and appetite-regulating and thyroid hormone changes during a competition preparation among drug-free physique athletes. The participants were female (10 competing (COMP) and 10 non-dieting controls (CTRL)) and male (13 COMP) and 10 CTRL)) physique athletes. COMP were tested before they started their diet 23 weeks before competing (PRE), during their diet one week before competing (MID), and 23 weeks after competing (POST) whereas CTRL were tested at similar intervals but did not diet. Measurements included body composition by DXA, muscle size, and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFA) by ultrasound, REE by indirect calorimetry, circulating ghrelin, leptin T3, and T4 hormone analysis. Fat mass (FM) and SFA decreased in both sexes (p<0.001), while males (p<0.001) lost more lean mass (LM) than females (p<0.05). Weight loss, decreased energy intake, and increased aerobic exercise (p<0.05) led to decreased LM and FM-adjusted REE (p<0.05), reflecting metabolic adaptation. Absolute leptin levels decreased in both sexes (p<0.001) but more among females (p<0.001) due to higher baseline leptin levels. These changes occurred with similar decreases in T3 (p<0.001) and resting heart rate (p<0.01) in both sexes. CTRL, who were former or upcoming physique athletes, showed no systematic changes in any measured variables. In conclusion, while dieting, female and male physique athletes experience REE and hormonal changes leading to adaptive thermogenesis. However, responses seemed temporary as they returned toward baseline after the recovery phase. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04392752).